Communication

Degrees and Certificates

The Department of Communication provides a great range of undergraduate and graduate programs that promote independent thinking and much inquiry.

Our undergraduate program offers a major and a minor in Communication, as well as a Business Communication minor. Our graduate program offers an M.A. in Communication, five-course graduate certificates, and a Combined B.A./M.A. program. You may also want to check out our various International Programs.

Learning Goals and Objectives

Theory

  • Articulate an understanding of communication as a complex, creative, constitutive, tendentious social practice;
  • Demonstrate the significance of a communication perspective to understanding complex social problems. Such problems include those that arise from cross-cultural engagement and learning in a global context, perhaps experientially, and are influenced by the interconnectedness of political, social, cultural, and environmental systems. This implies that all students will have some cross-cultural engagement, international or domestic, during their time at Villanova and especially, in the COM major.

Application

  • Critically interpret, analyze, and evaluate messages;
  • Design and execute a research plan on a significant communication problem to make knowledge that contributes to better understanding of communication and its significance in people’s lives;
  • Select modes and create messages best suited to address particular audiences, represent particular issues, speak to particular contexts, and solve particular communication problems. This could be through various modes under the broad rubric of storytelling.

Engagement

  • Identify the aesthetic, technical, and stylistic resources available and make effective, ethically appropriate choices in message creation, and be able to defend their choices;
  • Facilitate purposive, productive, and collaborative interaction among individuals and groups/teams, with consideration and understanding of the identities of self and other.

Classes

COM 1000 : Surv of Communication Studies

Process of communication; range of perspectives from which communication can be studied (from classical rhetoric to contemporary theory); the functions communication serves; and the forms of communication such as interpersonal, small group, organizational, public address, and mass media.

Credits

3

COM 1100 : Public Speaking

Principles of communication related to speech composition and delivery; finding, analyzing, organizing and presenting material in ways appropriate to and effective with diverse audiences.

Credits

3

COM 1101 : Business & Prof Communication

Communication strategies and skills for a variety of business professional settings. Combines public speaking and small group organizational communication, featuring individual and group presentations. Not intended for Communication Department majors.

Credits

3

COM 1102 : COM Foundations for Engrs

Technical & professional communication: Oral & visual presentations, including technical reports; formulation/evaluation of data-driven arguments; group communication & listening skills. This course is only for students enrolled in Mechnical Engineering.

Credits

3

COM 1300 : Film Analysis

Methods and perspectives used to analyze visual media drawing on contemporary and historically important films. Historical, theoretical, and aesthetic approaches to film analysis, as well as the social, political and economic forces that influence film content. This course does not fulfill a COM major requirement.

Credits

3

COM 2200 : Theories of Rhetoric

Rhetoric as the process of symbolic creation and recreation of community identity. Theory and history of rhetoric applications to the study of politics, popular culture, speeches, media images, artistic works, advertising, and legal issues.

Credits

3

COM 2240 : Theories of Perform Studies

Exploration of theory surrounding the embodied and aesthetic elements of solo and group performance. Evaluates key approaches to performing literature, performance art, performance for social change, oral traditions, performance ethnography, and performance in everyday life.

Credits

3

COM 2280 : Theories of Persuasion

Presents the theoretical processes by which communication influences the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of message recipients. Both rhetorical and social scientific approaches to persuasion are examined. Application is made to the areas of advertising, public relations, politics and health communication.

Credits

3

COM 2300 : Theories of Mass Communication

Traces the evolution and structure of core theoretical approaches to understanding mass communication phenomena. Both behavioral and critical approaches and their related research traditions are explored.

Credits

3

COM 2340 : Theories of Visual Com & Cultu

Introduction to the major theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of images as communicative phenomena. Explores the philosophical and strategic implications of these approaches and applies them both to the analysis and production of visual messages in a variety of media and contexts.

Credits

3

COM 2400 : Theories of Interpersonal Com

Survey of concepts and theories in interpersonal communication. Focuses on dyadic interaction and relationships as created, maintained, and modified through verbal and nonverbal behavior.

Credits

3

COM 2440 : Theories of Organizational Com

Exploration of the relationship between organizational and communication theories. Addresses issues of leadership, structure, culture, decision-making, communication channels, conflict, change, motivation, performance, diversity management, and external communication as they relate to organizations.

Credits

3

COM 3201 : Rhetoric & Social Justice

Examination of public discourse surrounding issues in social justice and human rights. Through traditional and contemporary rhetorical theory, rhetorical strategies are traced through contemporary movements.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3202 : Rhetoric, Identity & Conflict

Focused reading of contemporary rhetorical theorists. Examines the cultural use of symbols for the generation of community and/or the promotion of social conflict; rhetoric as performed through ritual acts; and correct and incorrect enactment resulting in social acceptance and alienation. Instructor's permission required.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3203 : Communication Law & Policy

Constitutional, statutory, and case law as well as other public policies affecting communication professions. Surveys a wide-range of issues related to the First Amendment, access, broadcasting, commercial speech, copyright, defamation, obscenity, political speech and privacy.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3204 : Rhetoric and Democracy

An upper-level course in which students study important rhetorical artifacts and theoretical perspectives to come to understand important ways that rhetoric has served and sometimes disserved democracy. The specific focus of the course will change according to the instructor and the semester taught. (Pre-requisites will be waived when the course is offered for the Study Abroad in Greece program). Instructor's permission needed to waive pre-requisites.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3207 : African American Rhetoric

The symbolic construction of African American identity in the United States through an analysis of speeches, films, television and other media. (Pre-requisites will be waived for Africana Studies concentrators or minors).

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3208 : Rhetoric and Myth

The relationship among rhetoric, myth, and culture with attention paid to the forces that shape mythic consciousness in culture(s). The focus of the course will vary according to instructor and semester the course is taught. (Pre-requisites will be waived when offered for the study abroad in Greece program or instructor's permission).

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2340 or COM 2200 or COM 2300 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3240 : Performance for Social Change

Performance as a powerful medium of art and art as a powerful tool for social change. Studying established performance artists and creating original peformance pieces, students address social issues through various modes of performance.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2340 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3241 : Performance of Literature

Solo and group performance of poetry, prose, and drama. Focus on rhetorical power of performed literature. Combines elements of theatre, literature and communication.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2400 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2440

COM 3243 : Performance Art

Introduction to performance art, a highly diverse theatrical art form that has gained popularity in American and European performance since the 1960s. Analysis of well-known performance artists as well as creation and performance of original student pieces. Emphasis on relationships among language, visual arts, music and dance; the construction and expression of self and identity through performance; and the relationship of performance to rhetoric and social change. Previous performance experience a bonus but not required.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2340 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3245 : Voice & Diction

Improvement of vocal quality and articulation through study of vocal anatomy, phonetics, projection, and expressiveness. Emphasis on live and taped performance of readings.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3246 : Performance of Greek Lit

Students analyze and perform both ancient and contemporary Greek literary texts; the performances, both solo and group are at Greek archaeological sites based on Greek oral traditions, poetry and drama, such as from Homer, Sappho, Antigone and Medea. THIS COURSE IS ONLY OFFERED IN THE SUMMER STUDY ABROAD IN GREECE PROGRAM.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3247 : Storytelling

Focus on story craft, form and practice. May include sound stories, image stories, performance, personal narrative, oral history, nonfiction. Attention on how to use stories for personal and social change.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2340 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3301 : Intro to Film & Video Prod

In-studio workshop that deals with basic television production techniques, including producing and directing short interview programs, news, demonstrations and short dramatic pieces. Discussion of current problems in the management and operation of a television broadcasting station.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3302 : Advanced Film & Video Prod

Visual aspects of location single camera video productions, audio acquisition, lighting, post production support, video editing and digital effects and finished distribution. Each student will work as producer, director, camerman, editor and writer. Helps students understand the world of film and video funding, production and distribution.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 3301

COM 3303 : Screenwriting

Development of narrative strategies through improvisation and techniques of mediated visualization using video.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440 and COM 1300

COM 3304 : Documentary Theory & Practice

A study of the documentary as art, propaganda, social document, and instrument for social change. After a review of theory and work in documentary, students develop their own short works. For COM majors who have taken COM 3600, this course counts as a Free Elective. For COM majors who have not taken COM 3600, this course counts as a COM 3000-level course.

Credits

3

COM 3305 : Radio Broadcasting

The history and principles of commercial radio broadcasting: programming, research, sales, promotions, broadcast engineering and federal regulations. Hands-on-audio production experience with broadcast equipment focusing on the art of audio production and development of public affairs radio program to air on WXVU.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3306 : Audio Production

Hands-on studio course serves as introduction to the history, fundamentals and methods of audio production used in radio, television and recording studios. Students learn, identify and operate different aspects of audio production hardware such as microphones, mixing boards, and digital multi-rack recorders. Students will complete in-studio or remote recording projects for evaluation.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3308 : Digital Image Production

This hands-on workshop introduces to the fundamentals of using digital images to communicate specific information. Students produce still and moving images for use in public relations, advertising, photojournalism, and electronic or web-based publication.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

(COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440)

COM 3321 : Interactive Media Design

Study of the principles of creating effective communication for the World Wide Web. Explores basic web design techniques with emphasis on designing and integrating diverse media elements. Focus on the creation and manipulation of text, graphics, audio and video for the Web.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3340 : Film History

Evolution of film as an art form; includes the impact of technology.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 1300 and COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3341 : Gender and Film

This course attends to the role of cinematic images in the cultural production of gender in contemporary societies. Students analyze images of gender in a variety of films, as well as the work of film makers who have been marginalized because of gender. This analysis of specific films is grounded in course readings taken from primary sources in feminist film theory and criticism, gender theory and media studies. Students will have the opportunity to propose and explore analytic, creative, and/or theoretical projects within the purview of the course theme. Outside viewing required. (Pre-requisites will be waived for Women's Studies concentrators or minors).

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3342 : International Cinema

Study of the film of or about a particular country with emphasis on political, social, cultural and artistic issues.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2400 or COM 2440 or COM 2340

COM 3343 : Contemporary Cinema

Seminar course in which various strategies are applied to the analysis of contemporary films.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3351 : Media & Society

Structure and content of the major media industries in America (radio, television, film, newspapers, magazines, recordings, and books), and how each interacts with individuals, groups, and institutions. Students analyze and critique media systems and content in terms of social, legal, political, and economics forces that influence them.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3352 : Media & Technology

Surveys the development of communication technologies from the printing press through the internet and beyond. Technological development will be used as a way to explore critical issues about economic development, the nature of meaning, technological determinism and globalization.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3353 : Media & Politics

Examination of political communication research, theory and history. A particular focus on the role of media, such as advertising and news reporting on political campaigns and policymaking.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3354 : Media Criticism

Analysis of contemporary film, television, music, print media and electronic media from a cultural studies perspective.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3355 : Media Effects

A service learning course that trains students on how to critically evaluate media content given its role in society and degree of compliance with prevailing media policies. The course culminates with a compilation of analysis results and the production of a research report to be disseminated to academics, advocacy groups, industry executives, and parents.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3356 : Media Audiences

Introduction to the study, measurement and analysis of media audiences, merging theoretical approaches with applied methods for understanding user behavior.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3360 : Introduction to Journalism

News is an integral part of our lives. This course aims to provide a critical understanding of the role of journalism in modern society, combining theoretical perspectives on the making of news with insights from the journalists, broadcasters and editors who produce it. Students will analyze research material on journalism in the press, as well as examining newsmaking on television and on the internet.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3361 : Journalism Practices

Principles of gathering, researching and writing the news for students interested in journalism and those who expect to interact with journalists professionally. Press releases, news leads and features and techniques for successful interviewing. Surveys critical and ethical challenges facing today's journalist; explores business news, media reviews and comment writing, editing and page design, and how computer technology is changing investigative reporting. Classes will be held in a computer lab to simulate newsroom conditions.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 3360

COM 3363 : Broadcast Journalism

Styles and techniques of broadcast journalism performance, including studio and location reporting and interviewing. Historical and contemporary trends in broadcast journalism explored.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 3360

COM 3365 : Sports Journalism

Evolution and current trends in sports journalism, emerging platforms and technologies, reporting with social media, developing source relationships, competing with your sources, working with media relations, developing written and oral reporting skills, anchor-analyst and sports-talk formats.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 3360

COM 3366 : Multimedia Journalism

Students learn to write across media platforms, create integrated news packages, and maintain strong journalistic principles, techniques and ethics.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 3360

COM 3367 : Journalism Topics

Rotating topics in journalism. Each offering will give students in-depth exposure to a particular area of journalism, taught by a foremost expert in that area.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 3360

COM 3401 : Relational COM Studies

Explores everyday communication between people across many contexts. Critical examination of the personal, social, and cultural dimensions of human relationships. Experiential activities augment lectures/discussions.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3402 : Family Communication

Explores the relationships that have the most consequences for us. Examines ways to rework relational dilemmas, collisions through dialogue, and generate effective communicative strategies.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3403 : Intercultural Communication

The impact on culture of communication styles, and practices. The role of communication in personal and professional intercultural relationships.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3404 : Communication & Conflict

Communicative elements of conflict that arise out of personal and cultural differences in a variety of interpersonal interactions and relationships.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3406 : Gender & Communication

Communication of women and men against the backdrop of society and feminism in such communicative contexts as families, schools, friendships and relationships, organizations, media, and technology. (Pre-requisites will be waived for Gender & Women's Studies concentrators or minors).

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3441 : Negotiation & Dialogue

Examination of the practical, theoretical, and critical analysis of a variety of approaches to negotiation and resolving conflicts. Verbal forms of negotiation, mediation, and dialogue are developed as key components in the maintenance of any healthy organization.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3442 : Team Based Communication

Theory and practice of communication for idea generation and problem-solving in groups, teams, and in other multiple contexts.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3443 : Work Life Negotiation

Explores the increasingly blurred intersections of "public" work and "private" lives, focusing on how we navigate organizational, family, community and individual roles and responsiblities. Considers organizational policies, family practices, and larger social discourses such as geender, class, consuption, and entrepreneurialism.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2340 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3444 : Interviewing

Theory and practice of methods in selected interview settings: informational, employment, and persuasive. Emphasis on communication between two persons, questioning techniques, and the logical and cultural bases of organizational persuasion.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3445 : COM Consulting in Organization

Course explores theory and practice of communication consulting through a variety of case studies in the field of organizational/corporate communication. Students will be expected to work as part of a consulting team for part of the semester.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3448 : Multicultural Ledrshp & Dialog

Introduces scholarship addressing injustice and misunderstanding in America. Students will develop a dialogic perspective and a set of skills as one means of transforming themselves and their community. Must also participate in a one-credit COM 5300 topically focused dialogue group. Requires permission of chairperson.

Credits

3

COM 3460 : Public Relations

Provides a foundation for students interested in the field of public relations. It chronicles the development of the profession from its earliest beginnings to its role in modern management. Also attempts to bridge the gap that exists between theory and practice. It achieves this by emphasizing the fundamental management perspective of the profession and the persuasive intent of message construction while highlighting the four essential skills required for success in the industry - research, writing, planning and problem solving.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3461 : Advertising

Strategies and techniques used in contemporary American advertising: consumer behavior, market research and analysis, message development for print and broadcast, and media selection.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 2200 or COM 2240 or COM 2280 or COM 2300 or COM 2340 or COM 2400 or COM 2440

COM 3462 : Public Relations Writing

Offers students the foundation for producing a variety of written public relations materials. Structure includes an overview of the journalistic style of writing along with extensive practice in writing fundamentals. Following the work on enhancing writing skills, students will develop a variety of pieces for their portfolios. Final class products include print news releases, position papers, feature stories, media advisories, media kit, and other related assignments. Course is strongly recommended for students interested in public relations, advertising, marketing, and organizational communication.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 3460

COM 3475 : Com Challenge in Organizations

The purpose of the course is to make students aware of the psychology of communication and to assist them in becoming more discerning, discriminating recipients of the torrent of 24/7 bytes and bits of data. The course examines the dynamics of communication within organizations and the elements of effective leadership communication; that is, the written and spoken word; the behaviors exhibited by people who influence the way people think and act; internal and external communication planning; multigenerational communication; crisis communication; the impact of technology, and techniques used to assess the efficacy of planned communication.

Credits

3

COM 3476 : Managing Multi Gen. Workforce

The focus of this course is on understanding the impact and implications of an aging workforce and examining best practices for managing multiple generations.

Credits

3

COM 3477 : Creativity, Innov., & Entrep.

The course focuses on the similarities and dissimilarities among three related skills and competencies: creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship and the ways in which each can be applied to produce new or improved products and services. Topics are examined within in the context of the real-life situations and work-place scenarios with special emphasis on creating a culture that encourages and rewards risk taking and unconventional problem solving.

Credits

3

COM 3600 : Social Justice Documentary

Students will work together to create a documentary film that examines a social justice issue. This class requires substantial time commitments from all the students. Permission of instructor and at least three credits of prior courses in film or social justice. This six-credit course can be repeated once. For COM majors, six credits count toward the major. If taken twice, six credits count toward Free Electives. For the COM minor, only three credits of this six-credit course goes toward the minor.

Credits

6

COM 4001 : Qualitative Research in COM

Review of basis principles of critical inquiry in the interpretive paradigm. Reading and designing qualitative research in communication through gathering and critically analyzing literature in the field and proposing an original study. Methods include ethnography and textual analysis.

Credits

3

COM 4002 : Quantitative Research in COM

Review of basic principles of scientific inquiry in the empirical paradigm. Reading and designing quantitative research in communication through gathering and critically analyzing literature in the field and proposing an original study. Methods include experiments and surveys.

Credits

3

COM 5050 : Senior Project

Design, implementation, and presentation of a group research project in which students apply the knowledge and skills learned through the Communication program of study to the investigation of rhetorical or communication phenomena.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 4001 or COM 4002

COM 5200 : Topics

Intensive workshops in selected areas of professional development or communication research.

Credits

1

COM 5300 : Topics in Intergroup Dialogue

Using self-reflection, identity exploration, and dialogue, learn how everyday communicative interactions can lead to cross-cultural mistrust and misunderstanding. Students also learn how social structures and institutions, e.g., schools, neighborhoods, media, and health organizations, function to allocate privilege and sustain societal inequities. Permission of chair.

Credits

1

COM 5464 : Public Relations Campaigns

Course explores a variety of case studies in the field of public relations including examples in media relations, crisis communication and planning. Following the review of cases, student groups will be created and will spend the remainder of the semester developing a professional campaign for a client. The final project is a presentation of this overall public relations plan.

Credits

3

Prerequisites

COM 3462